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Technical Papers
SAE 2002-01-1566
Overview of Carat-4, a Multi-body Simulation and Collision Modeling Program
Daniel A. Fittanto, Roland A. Ruhl and Ericka J. Southcombe from Ruhl Forensic, Inc.
Dr. Heinz Burg and Jurgen Burg from IBb Informatik GmbH and Ingenieurburo Dr. B
CARAT (Computer Aided Reconstruction of Accidents in Traffic) is a Microsoft Windows based simulation program. CARAT allows for simulation of pre-collision, collision, and post-collision dynamics in a graphical environment. CARAT can model cars, trucks, trailers and tractor/semi-trailers.
CARAT-3, released in the mid-90s, is a three degree-of-freedom (3 DOF) model with three dependent DOF, and operates mathematically in a two-dimensional (2D) graphical environment. Vehicle graphics can be viewed in three dimensions (3D). CARAT-4 implements 3D multi-body models with 10 DOF for the car model, and up to 26 DOF for the truck and trailer model. CARAT is a time forward kinetic simulation, but can also be used to perform kinematic calculations forward and backwards in time. Both CARAT-3 and CARAT-4 implement a momentum-based collision algorithm.
This paper introduces and briefly describes the calculation models, and input parameters for CARAT-4 relating to the sprung masses, tire model, suspension, steering and braking systems. Graphical, tabular and plot output options are described.
Additionally, the RICSAC (Research Input for Computer Simulation of Automobile Collisions) tests were modeled by the CARAT collision algorithm, and the separation velocities and Delta-V's were compared with the test data, and SMAC calculations (as reported by McHenry).
CARAT-4 can be used to simulate automobiles and a range of heavy truck configurations. Potential applications of the program include analyzing and visualizing the effects of vehicle design changes and accident reconstruction.
Copyright 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
For a complete copy of this paper, contact:
Society of Automotive Engineers
400 Commonwealth Drive
Warrendale, PA 15096-0001
(724)776-4841 (phone)
(724)776-5760 (fax)
SAE 2006-01-3479
Evaluation of the SIMON Tractor-Semitrailer Model for Steady State and Transient Handling
SAE 2006-01-3557
Usable Models for Free and Forced Cooling of Commercial Vehicle Drum Brakes
SAE 2006-01-3556
Comparison of Established Heavy Brake Heating / Cooling Models with HVE Brake Designer in a Real Mountain Accident
RF2005-01
Commercial Vehicle Onboard Electronics - Global Positioning Systems, Engine Control Modules and Safety Systems and Devices
IMECE2004-59566
Analysis of a Common Cause Hypothesis in a Forensic Product Defect Analysis
SAE 2004-01-2717
Safety Concerns in Automatic Control of Heavy-Duty Articulated Vehicles
SAE 2003-01-3393
Numerical Methods for Evaluating ECM Data in Accident Reconstruction and Vehicle Dynamics
SAE 2003-01-3363
Development of a Dynamic Model of an Air-ride Seat for On-highway Trucks
SAE 2003-01-3419
Simulation of Intelligent Convoy with Autonomous Articulated Commercial Vehicles
SAE 2002-01-3104
Factors Affecting the Friction Coefficients Between Wooden and Plastic Pallets and the Wooden Floor Of A Van-type Semi-trailer
SAE 2002-01-1566
Overview of Carat-4, a Multi-body Simulation and Collision Modeling Program
SAE 2001-01-2755
Factors Affecting the Friction Coefficients Between Wooden Pallets and the Wooden Floor of a Van-type Semi-trailer
SAE 2001-01-2733
Feasibility of Modifying an Existing Semi-Trailer Air Suspension Into An Anti-Rollover System
SAE 2000-01-3476
Fluid Load Analysis Within the Static Roll Model
SAE 2000-01-1616
Utilizing a Genetic Algorithm to Optimize Vehicle Simulation Trajectories: Determining Initial Velocity of a Vehicle in Yaw
RF2000-01
The Post-Kumho Exclusion of a Traffic Accident Reconstruction Expert
SAE 1999-01-3782
A Prototype Computer Based Test System to Test Commercial Vehicle Air Brake Systems: Application and Test Results
SAE 1999-01-3732
Dynamics and Roll Stability of a Loaded Class 8 Tractor-Livestock Semi-Trailer
SAE 973261
Prediction of Steady State Roll Threshold for Loaded Flat Bed Trailers - Theory and Calculation
SAE 971033
Ventilated Brake Rotor Air Flow Investigation
SAE 900106
Skidmark Signatures of ABS-Equipped Passenger Cars
SAE 880066
Combining Scene Data with Trajectory Information for Effective Accident Simulation
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